Current Potential Treatment Strategies for the Deadly, COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56511/JIPBS.2021.v8.i02.pp23-39Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID 19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the latest threat to the global health which has devastated human life, health and economy to extreme condition. Due to this, the entire world has faced lockdown for the first time in decade. Till now, no drugs have been approved for treatment of COVID 19, it is managed by timely diagnosis and treatment based on symptoms. The outbreak of the disease has been so rapid that the entire world is under fear. The report of this pandemic situation given by WHO is alarming the need for developing effective medication to combat the devastating scenario. So, we have conducted extensive review on different drugs, their mechanism, various vaccines which are undergoing clinical trial and those who have got some satisfactory outcome. Apart from this, plasma therapy has also shown some promising results against COVID 19, where 200-300 ml plasma infusion is given to COVID 19 patients. Since the need of the hour is to get an effective treatment strategy on an emergency basis, so a vast investigation will reveal the treatment strategy which has got some promising results. This review highlights various drugs, vaccines and plasma, their mechanism of action and dose at which they can be effective against COVID 19 as well as their clinical trial status and report. Thus this review, summarizes all the possible treatment strategies that can be effective against the global pandemic
Keywords:
COVID 19, vaccine, convalescent plasma, clinical trial, SARSCOV2Downloads
References
Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S. Identifcation of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(20):1967 – 1976. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0307 47(Epub 2003/04/12, PubMed PMID: 12690091).
Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(20):1953 – 1966. https ://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa030781(Epub 2003/04/12, PubMed PMID: 12690092)
Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367(19):1814 – 1820. https ://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMo a1211 721(Epub 2012/10/19, PubMed PMID: 2307514)
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA. The species severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol.2020; https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41564-020-0695-z
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J. A Novel Coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(8):727 – 733. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMo a2001 017(Epub 2020/01/25, PubMed PMID: 31978945)
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard Data last updated: 2020/8/8, 3:22pm CES. https://covid19.who.int/
Organization WH. clinical-management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected-interim guidance. Published January 28, 2020.
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID19). 2020; StatPearls Publishing, St. Petersburg
Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S, Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis, Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022
Du, L.; He, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, S.; Zheng, B.-J.; Jiang, S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV - A target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009; 7 (3): 226−236.
Wrapp, D.; Wang, N.; Corbett, K. S.; Goldsmith, J. A.; Hsieh, C.-L.; Abiona, O.; Graham, B. S.; McLellan, J. S. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 2020, eabb2507.
Hoffmann, M.; Kleine-Weber, H.; Schroeder, S.; Kruger, N.; Herrler, T.; Erichsen, S.; Schiergens, T. S.; Herrler, G.; Wu, N.-H.; Nitsche, A.; Muller, M. A.; Drosten, C.; Pohlmann, S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 2020, DOI: 10.1016/ j.cell.2020.02.052.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – implications for infection prevention precautions: Scientific brief. WHO, 9th July 2020
Liu J, Liao X, Qian S, Yuan J, Wang F, Liu Y, et al. Community Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26:1320-3.
Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020; 395 14-23.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395:497-506.
Burke RM, Midgley CM, Dratch A, Fenstersheib M, Haupt T, Holshue M, et al. Active Monitoring of Persons Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID-19 — United States, January – February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69(1):245-6.
Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic-and Pandemicprone Acute Respiratory Infections in Health Care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 (available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112656/97892 41507134_eng.pdf;jsessionid=41AA684FB64571CE8D8A453 C4F2B2096? sequence=1).
Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, Poon LLM, Wang Q. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(4):411-2.
Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020; 323(18):1843-1844.
Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, Hong Z, Zhou J, Dong X, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5(5):434-5.
Sun J, Zhu A, Li H, Zheng K, Zhuang Z, Chen Z, et al. Isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from urine of a COVID19 patient. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020; 9:991-3.
Breastfeeding and COVID-19. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (available at https://www.who.int/newsroom/commentaries/detail/breastfee ding-and-covid-19).
Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, Poon LLM, Wang Q. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(4):411-2.
He X, Lau EH, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J, Hao X, et al. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID19. Nat Med. 2020; 26(5):672-5.
Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Müller MA, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020; 581(7809):465-9.
Jang S, Han SH, Rhee J-Y. Cluster of Coronavirus Disease Associated with Fitness Dance Classes, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26(8).
Ahmad S, Hafeez A, Siddqui SA, Ahmad M, Mishra S. A Review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention. EJMO 2020; 4(2):116 – 125.
Covid-19:Clinical Information And Treatment Guidelines, Fip Health Advisory, International Pharmaceutical Federation, Updated 26th March 2020.
S. Perlman, J. Netland Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication andpathogenesis, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009; 7: 439-450, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147
E. de Wit, N. van Doremalen, D. Falzarano, et al., SARS and MERS: recent in-sights into emerging coronaviruses, Nat. Rev. Microbiol.2016; 14: 523-534, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81.
C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu, et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223): 497506, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Crackower MA, Sarao R, Oudit GY, Yagil C, Kozieradzki I, Scanga SE et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function. Nature 2002; 417(6891): 822 – 828. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00786.
Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005; 202(3): 415 – 424. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050 828(Epub 2005/07/27)
Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. J Virol. 2020; https://doi. org/10.1128/jvi.00127-20 (Epub 2020/01/31, PubMed PMID: 31996437)
Lo MK, Jordan R, Arvey A, et al. GS-5734 and its parent nucleoside analog inhibit filo-, pneumo-, and paramyxoviruses. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 43395.
Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9: eaal3653.
Brown AJ, Won JJ, Graham RL, et al. Broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res 2019; 169: 104541.
Pizzorno A, Padey B, Julien T, et al. Characterization and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal and bronchial human airway epithelia. bioRxiv 2020; DOI:10.1101/2020.03.31.017889 (preprint).
FurutaY, GowenBB, Takahashi K et al. Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:446 – 54.
Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209: 107512.
Depfenhart M, de Villiers D, Lemperle G, Meyer M, Di Somma S. Potential new treatment strategies for COVID-19: is there a role for bromhexine as add-on therapy? Intern Emerg Med. 2020; 1-12. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02383-3
Eli Lilly and Company. A Study of LY3819253 (LY-CoV555) and LY3832479 (LY-CoV016) in Participants With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Illness (BLAZE-1). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04427501 [cited: 10th July, 2020].
Eli Lilly and Company. A Study of LY3819253 (LY-CoV555) in Participants Hospitalized for COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04411628 [cited: 10th July, 2020].
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) for Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461 [cited: 10th July, 2020].
Washington University School of Medicine. Duvelisib to Combat COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04372602 [cited: 15th July,2020]
Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. A Study of JNJ-30979754 (Decitabine) in Patients With Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00796003 [cited: 15th July, 2020].
Tufts Medical Center. A Phase 2 Trial of Infliximab in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04425538 [cited: 15th July, 2020]
Prof. Dr. Nahla El-Ashmawy, Tanta University. Safety and Efficacy of Tramadol in COVID-19 Egyptian Patients. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04454307 [cited: 15th July, 2020].
Wang, Yeming et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10236): 1569 – 1578.
Eric A Coomes, Hourmazd Haghbayan, Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2020; 75(7): 2013 – 2014, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa171
Uno, Y. Camostat mesilate therapy for COVID-19. Intern Emerg Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-023459.
Markus Hoffmann, Simon Schroeder, Hannah KleineWeber, MarcelA. Müller, Christian Drosten, Stefan Pöhlmann. Nafamostat Mesylate Blocks Activation of SARS-CoV-2: New Treatment Option for COVID-19. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 2020, 64 (6): e00754-20; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00754-20.
Cingolani, A., Tummolo, A.M., Montemurro, G. et al. Baricitinib as rescue therapy in a patient with COVID-19 with no complete response to Sarilumab. Infection 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01476-7.
Cao Y, Wei J, Zou L, et al. Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, singleblind, randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020; 146(1):137-146.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.019.
Demo SD, Kirk CJ, Aujay MA et al. Antitumor activity of PR171, a novel irreversible inhibitor of the proteasome. Cancer Res. 2007; 67(13): 6383-91. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-064086. PMID: 17616698.
Sacco A, Aujay M, Morgan B, et al. Carfilzomib-dependent selective inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome leads to antitumor activity in Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. Clin Cancer Res. 2011; 17(7): 1753-64. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2130. Epub 2011 Feb 25. PMID: 21355079.
Wang R-R, Yang Q-H, Luo R-H, Peng Y-M, Dai S-X, Zhang X-J, et al. Azvudine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor showed good drug combination features and better inhibition on drug-resistant strains than lamivudine in vitro. Plos One. 2014; 9:e105617.
Guaraldi, Giovanni et al. Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study The Lancet Rheumatology. 2020; 2(8): 474 – 484.
Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina. Ivermectin for Covid-19. 2020; 10.5281/zenodo.4018507.
Patrì A, Fabbrocini G. Hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin: A synergistic combination for COVID-19 chemoprophylaxis and treatment? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82(6): e221. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.017.
Lifei Yang, Weihan Liu, Xin Yu, Meng Wu, Janice M Reichert, Mitchell Ho, COVID-19 antibody therapeutics tracker: a global online database of antibody therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, Antibody Therapeutics. 2020; 3(3): 204 – 211, https://doi.org/10.1093/abt/tbaa020
Nourian A, Khalili H. Sofosbuvir as a potential option for the treatment of COVID-19. Acta Bio Medt]. 2020; 91(2):236-8.
Siew L. Teoh, Yi H. Lim, Nai M. Lai1, and Shaun W. H. Lee. Directly Acting Antivirals for COVID-19: Where Do We Stand? Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11:1857.
Lasierra-Cirujeda, Joaquín & Coronel, P & Aza, Mj & Gimeno, Mercedes. Use of sulodexide in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Journal of blood medicine. 2010; 1: 105-15. 10.2147/JBM.S10558.
Jiaojiao Pang, Feng Xu, Gianmarco Aondio, . Efficacy and tolerability of bevacizumab in patients with severe Covid -19; medRxiv 2020.07.26.20159756; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.26.20159756
Ing Ni Lu, Spoorthy Kulkarni, Marie Fisk et al. Multi arm therapeutic study in pre-ICU patients admitted with Covid-19Experimental drugs and mechanisms (TACTIC-E): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Lu et al. Trials 2020; 21: 690 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04618-2
Cantini F, Niccoli L, Matarrese D, Nicastri E, Stobbione P, Goletti D. Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact. J Infect. 2020; 81(2):318-356. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.017
Rothlin, Rodolfo & Vetulli, Héctor & Duarte, Mariano & Pelorosso, Facundo. Telmisartan as tentative angiotensin receptor blocker therapeutic for COVID ‐ 19. Drug Development Research. 2020; 10.1002/ddr.21679.
Chan, Kok Hoe & Farouji, Iyad & Slim, Jihad & Shaaban, Hamid & Guron, Gunwant. Tranexamic Acid: A Potential Treatment Option for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Journal of global infectious diseases. 2020; 12: 160-161. 10.4103/jgid.jgid_132_20.
Earhart, Alex & Holliday, Zachary & Hofmann, Hunter & Schrum, Adam. Consideration of dornase alfa for the treatment of severe COVID-19 ARDS. New Microbes and New Infections. 2020; 35. 100689. 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100689.
Garraud O, Heshmati F, Pozzetto B, Lefrere F, Saillol A. Plasma therapy against infectious pathogens, as of yesterday, today and tomorrow. Transfus Clin Biol. 2016; 23:39-44.
Marano G, Vaglio S, Pupella S, Facco G, Catalano L. Convalescent plasma: New evidence for an old therapeutic tool. Blood Transfus. 2016; 14:152-157.
Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang D, Yang F, Dela Cruz CS, Wang Y, Wu C, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Han L, Dang S, Xu Y, Yang Q, Xu S, Zhu H, Xu Y, Jin Q, Sharma L, Wang L, Wang J. 2020. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clinical Infectious Diseases doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa310.
Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H et al. 2020. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.20030189:2020.2003.2002.20030189.
Long Q-x, Deng H-j, Chen J, Hu J et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients: the perspective application of serological tests in clinical practice. medRxiv.2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.18.20038018:2020.2003.2018.20038018.
Chan KH, Cheng VC, Woo PC, Lau SK, Poon LL, Guan Y, Seto WH, Yuen KY, Peiris JS. Serological responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005; 12:13171321.
Wong HK, Lee CK, Hung IF, Leung JN, Hong J, Yuen KY, Lin CK. Practical limitations of convalescent plasma collection: a case scenario in pandemic preparation for influenza A (H1N1) infection. Transfusion. 2010; 50:19671971.
Singh Y, Sawyer LS, Pinkoski LS, Dupuis KW, Hsu JC, Lin L, Corash L. Photochemical treatment of plasma with amotosalen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light inactivates pathogens while retaining coagulation function. Transfusion. 2006; 46:1168-1177.
Bihm DJ, Ettinger A, Buytaert-Hoefen KA, Hendrix BK, Maldonado-Codina G, Rock G, Giclas PC, Goodrich RP. Characterization of plasma protein activity in riboflavin and UV light-treated fresh frozen plasma during 2 years of storage at −30°C. Vox Sanguinis. 2010; 98:108 -115.
Korneyeva M, Hotta J, Lebing W, Rosenthal RS, Franks L, Petteway SR. Enveloped Virus Inactivation by Caprylate: A Robust Alternative to Solvent-Detergent Treatment in Plasma Derived Intermediates. Biologicals. 2002; 30:153-162.
Dichtelmüller H, Rudnick D, Kloft M. Inactivation of Lipid Enveloped Viruses by Octanoic Acid Treatment of Immunoglobulin Solution. Biologicals.2002; 30:135-142.
Luca Gallelli, University of Catanzaro. Hyperimmune Plasma in Patients With COVID-19 Severe Infection (COV2-CP). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04385043 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
Gailen D. Marshall Jr., MD PhD, University of Mississippi Medical Center. COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) Transfusion. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04412486 [cited on: 10th August 2020].
Juan G. Sierra Madero, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran. Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for Patients With COVID19 (EPCOvid-1). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04388410 [cited on: 12th August 2020].
Joakim Dillner, Karolinska University Hospital. Convalescent Plasma for Treatment of COVID-19: An Exploratory Dose Identifying Study. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04384497 [cited on: 10th June 2020].
Bart Rijnders, Erasmus Medical Center. Convalescent Plasma as Therapy for Covid-19 Severe SARS-CoV-2 Disease (CONCOVID Study) (ConCoVid-19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04342182 [cited on: 10th June 2020].
Angel Augusto Perez Calatayud, Grupo Mexicano para el Estudio de la Medicina Intensiva. Convalescent Plasma of Covid-19 to Treat SARS-COV-2 a Randomized Double Blind
Center Trial (CPC-SARS). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405310 [cited on: 14th September 2020].
Servando Cardona-Huerta, Hospital San Jose Tec de Monterrey. Safety in Convalescent Plasma Transfusion to COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04333355 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
Servando Cardona-Huerta, Hospital San Jose Tec de Monterrey. Safety in Convalescent Plasma Transfusion to COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04333355 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
NYU Langone Health. CONTAIN COVID-19: Convalescent Plasma to Limit COVID-19 Complications in Hospitalized Patients. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04364737 [cited on: 30th August 2020].
Thomas Jefferson University. Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04389710 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées. Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in the Early Care of COVID-
Patients. (PLASCOSSA). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04372979 [cited on: 20th June 2020].
University of Sao Paulo General Hospital. Treatment of Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma (COOPCOVID-19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04415086 [cited on: 20th June 2020].
Federal Research Clinical Center of Federal Medical & Biological Agency, Russia. Hyperimmune Convalescent Plasma in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Disease. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04392414 [cited on: 25th September 2020].
Jessica E Justman, MD, Columbia University. Convalescent Plasma for COVID-19 Close Contacts. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04390503 [cited on: 20th June 2020].
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. Early transfusIon of Convalescent Plasma in Elderly COVID-19 Patients to Prevent Disease Progression. (LIFESAVER). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04374526 [cited on: 24th October 2020].
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Efficacy and Safety of Early COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in Patients Admitted for COVID-19 Infection. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04375098 [cited on: 26th September 2020].
King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam. Potential Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma to Treat Severe COVID-19 and Patients at High Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04347681 [cited on: 20th August 2020].
Deutsches Rotes Kreuz DRK-Blutspendedienst BadenWurttemberg-Hessen. A Clinical Trial of Convalescent Plasma Compared to Best Supportive Care for Treatment of Patients With Severe COVID-19 (CAPSID). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04433910 [cited on: 15th June 2020].
Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India. Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Patients With COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04425915 [cited on: 30th September 2020].
Max Healthcare Institute Limited. Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Convalescent Plasma to Limit COVID-19 Associated Complications. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04374487 [cited on: 12th August 2020].
Butantan Institute. Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595 [cited on: 30th August 2020].
Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, PLA of China. A Clinical Trial of a Recombinant Adenovirus 5 Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) With Two Doses in Healthy Adults. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04552366 [cited on: 26th September 2020].
Tuberculosis Research Centre, India. BCG Vaccine in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality in Elderly Individuals in COVID-19 Hotspots. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04475302 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
Vaxine Pty Ltd. Monovalent Recombinant COVID19 Vaccine (COVAX19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04453852 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
PT Bio Farma. Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity Study of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine (COVID-19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04508075 [cited on: 20th August 2020].
Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation. An Open Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of the Drug "Gam-COVID-Vac" Vaccine Against COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436471 [cited on: 20th August 2020].
Clover Biopharmaceuticals AUS Pty Ltd. SCB-2019 as COVID-19 Vaccine Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04405908 [cited on: 20th July 2020].
Novavax. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 rS Nanoparticle Vaccine With/Without MatrixM Adjuvant. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988 [cited on: 24th September 2020].
SAb Biotherapeutics, Inc. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of SAB-185 in Ambulatory Participants With COVID-19. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04469179 [cited on: 24th September 2020].
AnGes, Inc. Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0302COVID19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04527081 [cited on: 24th September 2020].
China National Biotec Group Company Limited. A Study to Evaluate The Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines (Vero Cell) in Healthy Population Aged 18 Years Old and Above (COVID-19). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04510207 [cited on: 16th October 2020].
Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute. Immunity and Safety of Covid-19 Synthetic Minigene Vaccine. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276896 [cited on: 20th June 2020].
Lung-Ji Chang, Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute. Safety and Immunity of Covid-19 aAPC Vaccine. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04299724 [cited on: 20th June 2020].
CureVac AG. A Study to Evaluate the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine CVnCoV in Healthy Adults. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04449276 [cited on: 14th August 2020].
Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. A Study to Assess Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of V591 (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Healthy Participants (V591-001). Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04498247.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 Moumita Chowdhury, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar, Abhijit Sengupta, Lopamudra Dutta

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Based on a work at