A review on comparative study between metformin and hesperidin in the management of diabetic complications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56511/JIPBS.2024.11302Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly widespread condition that has a significant negative influence on global health. Typically, they give rise to microvascular and macrovascular challenges like neuropathy, gastropathy, cardiac myopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy etc as well as to an array of comorbidities like depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease etc. Apart from the use of oral hypoglycemic agent in regulating blood glucose levels that has a role in the development of diabetic complication, flavonoids have been a major research attraction in targeting diabetic complications. Hesperidin a plant based flavone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits has gained a lot of attention in medical research with its anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential being formulated with novel approaches in diabetes research. This review article not only aims at contrasting the roles of hesperidin and metformin with a systematic approach in various diabetic complications along with associated comorbidities but also provides justifying information for carrying out a study to determine the effectiveness of combinational strategy between the two in fighting of various diabetic complications and to modulate the progression of the disease.
Keywords:
Diabetic complications, Hesperidin (HDN), Anti-diabeticDownloads
References
Mukhtar Y, Galalain A, Yunusa U. A modern overview on diabetes mellitus: a chronic endocrine disorder. European Journal of Biology. 2020 Nov; 5(2):1 - 4.
Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India. Indian journal of ophthalmology. 2021; 69(11): 2932 - 8.
Mezil SA, Abed BA. Complication of diabetes mellitus. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021; 25(3): 1546 - 56.
Wong E, Backholer K, Gearon E, Harding J, Freak - Poli R, Stevenson C, Peeters A. Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: a systematic review and meta - analysis. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 2013; 1(2): 106 - 14.
Gonzalez Ramirez G, Bolaños Muñoz L. Relationship of sedentary lifestyle with obesity and comorbidities. InPhysical Activity and bariatric surgery 2023 Apr 20 (pp. 3 - 16). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Conget I. Diagnosis, classification and cathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (in Spanish). Rev Esp Cardiol. 2002; 55: 528 - 35.
Skyler JS, Bakris GL, Bonifacio E, Darsow T, Eckel RH, Groop L, Groop PH, Handelsman Y, Insel RA, Mathieu C, McElvaine AT. Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis. Diabetes. 2017; 66(2): 241 - 55.
Unger R, Orci L. The essential role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The Lancet. 1975; 305(7897): 14 - 6.
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, Horton ES, Castorino K, Tate DF. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care. 2016; 39(11): 2065 – 2079.
Eckstein ML, Williams DM, O'Neil LK, Hayes J, Stephens JW, Bracken RM. Physical exercise and non ‐ insulin glucose ‐ lowering therapies in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review. Diabetic Medicine. 2019; 36(3): 349 - 58.
Kumar NP, Annamalai AR, Thakur RS. Antinociceptive property of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Amla) in high fat diet - fed/low dose streptozotocin induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. NIScPR. 2009; 47(09): 737 - 42.
Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Emwas AH, Jaremko M. Important flavonoids and their role as a therapeutic agent. Molecules. 2020; 25(22): 5243.
Jamal A, Brettle H, Jamil DA, Tran V, Diep H, Bobik A, van der Poel C, Vinh A, Drummond GR, Thomas CJ, Jelinic M. Reduced Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Metabolic Syndrome following Twelve Weeks of Citrus Bioflavonoid Hesperidin Supplementation: A Dose – Response Study. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(6): 637.
Mengstie MA, Chekol Abebe E, Behaile Teklemariam A, Tilahun Mulu A, Agidew MM, Teshome Azezew M, Zewde EA, Agegnehu Teshome A. Endogenous advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetic complications. Frontiers in molecular biosciences. 2022; 9: 1002710.
Adeshara KA, Bangar NS, Doshi PR, Diwan A, Tupe RS. Action of metformin therapy against advanced glycation, oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients: 3 months follow - up study. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020; 14(5): 1449 - 58.
Kahn SE. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta - cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003; 46: 3 - 19.
Serina JJ, Castilho PC. Using polyphenols as a relevant therapy to diabetes and its complications, a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2022; 62(30): 8355 - 87.
Feliciano RP, Pritzel S, Heiss C, Rodriguez - Mateos A. Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease risk. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2015; (2): 92 - 9.
Shkondrov A, Krasteva I, Pavlova D, Zdraveva P. Determination of flavonoids in related Astragalus species (Sect. Incani) occurring in Bulgaria. Comptes rendus de l’Académie Bulg. des Sci. 2017; 70(3): 363 - 66.
Liu W, Feng Y, Yu S, Fan Z, Li X, Li J, Yin H. The flavonoid biosynthesis network in plants. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021; 22(23): 12824.
Shen N, Wang T, Gan Q, Liu S, Wang L, Jin B. Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food chemistry. 2022; 383: 132531.
Gattuso G, Barreca D, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U, Caristi C. Flavonoid composition of citrus juices. Molecules. 2007; 12(8): 1641 - 73.
Tabassum S, Misrani A, Yang L. Exploiting common aspects of obesity and Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 2020; 14: 602360.
Mirzaei A, Mirzaei A, Khalilabad SN, Askari VR, Rahimi VB. Promising influences of hesperidin and hesperetin against diabetes and its complications: a systematic review of molecular, cellular, and metabolic effects. EXCLI journal. 2023; 22: 1235 - 63.
Vinayagam R, Xu B. Antidiabetic properties of dietary flavonoids: a cellular mechanism review. Nutrition & metabolism. 2015; 12: 1 - 20.
Khorasanian AS, Fateh ST, Gholami F, Rasaei N, Gerami H, Khayyatzadeh SS, Shiraseb F, Asbaghi O. The effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose – response meta - analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023 ;10: 1177708.
Wdowiak K, Walkowiak J, Pietrzak R, Bazan - Wo ź niak A, Cielecka - Piontek J. Bioavailability of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin — compounds found in citrus fruits as a parameter conditioning the pro - health potential (neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity) — mini - review. Nutrients. 2022 ;14(13): 2647.
Chen Z, Zheng S, Li L, Jiang H. Metabolism of flavonoids in human: a comprehensive review. Current Drug Metabolism. 2014; 15(1): 48 - 61.
Mahmoud AM, Ashour MB, Abdel - Moneim A, Ahmed OM. Hesperidin and naringin attenuate hyperglycemia - mediated oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production in high fat fed/streptozotocin - induced type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2012; 26(6): 483 - 90.
Kakadiya J, Mulani H, Shah N. Protective effect of hesperidin on cardiovascular complication in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in diabetes in rats. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy. 2010; 1(2): 85 - 91.
Li W, Kandhare AD, Mukherjee AA, Bodhankar SL. Hesperidin, a plant flavonoid accelerated the cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats: Role of TGF - ß/Smads and Ang - 1/Tie - 2 signaling pathways. EXCLI journal. 2018; 17: 399 - 419.
Kandemir FM, Ozkaraca M, Küçükler S, Caglayan C, Hanedan B. Preventive effects of hesperidin on diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin via modulating TGF - β 1 and oxidative DNA damage. Toxin reviews. 2018; 37(4): 287 - 93.
Mahmoud AM, Ashour MB, Abdel - Moneim A, Ahmed OM. Hesperidin and naringin attenuate hyperglycemia - mediated oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production in high fat fed/streptozotocin - induced type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2012 ; 26(6): 483 - 90.
Liu WY, Liou SS, Hong TY, Liu IM. Protective effects of hesperidin (citrus flavonone) on high glucose induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in a cellular model for diabetic retinopathy. Nutrients. 2017; 9(12): 1312.
Li W, Kandhare AD, Mukherjee AA, Bodhankar SL. Hesperidin, a plant flavonoid accelerated the cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats: Role of TGF - ß/Smads and Ang - 1/Tie - 2 signaling pathways. EXCLI journal. 2018; 17: 399 - 419.
Hernández - Velázquez ED, Alba - Betancourt C, Alonso - Castro ÁJ, Ortiz - Alvarado R, López JA, Meza - Carmen V, Solorio - Alvarado CR. Metformin, a biological and synthetic overview. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2023; 86: 129241.
Zhang Q, Hu N. Effects of metformin on the gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. 2020; 13: 5003 - 14.
Ali AM, Gabbar MA, Abdel - Twab SM, Fahmy EM, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Ahmed OM. Antidiabetic potency, antioxidant effects, and mode of actions of Citrus reticulata fruit Peel hydroethanolic extract, hesperidin, and quercetin in nicotinamide/streptozotocin ‐ induced Wistar diabetic rats. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2020; 2020(1): 1 - 21.
Fullerton MD, Galic S, Marcinko K, Sikkema S, Pulinilkunnil T, Chen ZP, O'neill HM, Ford RJ, Palanivel R, O'brien M, Hardie DG. Single phosphorylation sites in Acc1 and Acc2 regulate lipid homeostasis and the insulin - sensitizing effects of metformin. Nature medicine. 2013 Dec; 19(12): 1649 - 54.
Miller RA, Chu Q, Xie J, Foretz M, Viollet B, Birnbaum MJ. Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP. Nature. 2013; 494(7436): 256 - 60.
Kristensen JM, Treebak JT, Schjerling P, Goodyear L, Wojtaszewski JF. Two weeks of metformin treatment induces AMPK - dependent enhancement of insulin - stimulated glucose uptake in mouse soleus muscle. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014; 306(10): 1099 - 109.
Gu S, Shi J, Tang Z, Sawhney M, Hu H, Shi L, Fonseca V, Dong H. Comparison of glucose lowering effect of metformin and acarbose in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta - analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5): 0126704.
Sokolova LK, Pushkarev VV, Cherviakova SA, Vatseba TS, Kovzun OI, Pushkarev VM, Tronko MD. The effect of metformin treatment on the level of GLP - 1, NT - proBNP and endothelin - 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.2020; 16(8): 616 - 21.
Mohammad HM, Gouda SG, Eladl MA, Elkazaz AY, Elbayoumi KS, Farag NE, Elshormilisy A, Al - Ammash BB, Hegazy A, Abdelkhalig SM, Mohamed AS. Metformin suppresses LRG1 and TGF β 1/ALK1 - induced angiogenesis and protects against ultrastructural changes in rat diabetic nephropathy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023; 158: 114128.
Tombulturk FK, Todurga - Seven ZG, Huseyinbas O, Ozyazgan S, Ulutin T, Kanigur - Sultuybek G. Topical application of metformin accelerates cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats. Molecular Biology Reports. 2022; 49: 73 – 83.
Sweileh WM. Contraindications to metformin therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacy World & Science. 2007; 29: 587 - 92.
Infante M, Leoni M, Caprio M, Fabbri A. Long - term metformin therapy and vitamin B12 deficiency: an association to bear in mind. World journal of diabetes. 2021 ; 12(7): 916.
Cao XJ, Wu R, Qian HY, Chen X, Zhu HY, Xu GY, Sun YZ, Zhang PA. Metformin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain via AMPK/NF - κ B signaling pathway in dorsal root ganglion of diabetic rats. Brain Research. 2021; 1772: 147663.
Alomar SY, Barakat BM, Eldosoky M, Atef H, Mohamed AS, Elhawary R, El - Shafey M, Youssef AM, Elkazaz AY, Gabr AM, Elaskary AA. Protective effect of metformin on rat diabetic retinopathy involves suppression of toll - like receptor 4/nuclear factor - k B expression and glutamate excitotoxicity. International Immunopharmacology. 2021; 90: 107193.
Yang Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Cai F, Jiang B, Zha W, Yu W. Metformin ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating the PK2/PKR pathway. Frontiers in physiology. 2020; 11: 425.
Jia W, Bai T, Zeng J, Niu Z, Fan D, Xu X, Luo M, Wang P, Zou Q, Dai X. Combined administration of metformin and atorvastatin attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic mice. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021; 9: 634900.
Samsu N. Diabetic nephropathy: challenges in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. BioMed research international. 2021; 2021(1): 1497449.
Sagoo MK, Gnudi L. Diabetic nephropathy: an overview. Diabetic nephropathy: methods and protocols. 2020: 1; 3 - 7.
Misra PS, Szeto SG, Krizova A, Gilbert RE, Yuen DA. Renal histology in diabetic nephropathy predicts progression to end - stage kidney disease but not the rate of renal function decline. BMC nephrology. 2020; 21: 285
Selby NM, Taal MW. An updated overview of diabetic nephropathy: Diagnosis, prognosis, treatment goals and latest guidelines. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2020; 22: 3 - 15.
Chen Q, Wang D, Tan C, Hu Y, Sundararajan B, Zhou Z. Profiling of flavonoid and antioxidant activity of fruit tissues from 27 Chinese local citrus cultivars. Plants. 2020; 9(2): 196.
Peng P, Jin J, Zou G, Sui Y, Han Y, Zhao D, Liu L. Hesperidin prevents hyperglycemia in diabetic rats by activating the insulin receptor pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2021; 21(1): 1 - 7.
Tan AL, Forbes JM, Cooper ME. AGE, RAGE, and ROS in diabetic nephropathy. InSeminars in nephrology 2007; 27(2): 130 - 143.
Ahmed OM, Mahmoud AM, Abdel - Moneim A, Ashour MB. Antidiabetic effects of hesperidin and naringin in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetologia Croatica. 2012; 41(3): 53 – 67.
Akiyama S, Katsumata S, Suzuki K, Ishimi Y, Wu J, Uehara M. Dietary hesperidin exerts hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in streptozotocin - induced marginal type 1 diabetic rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009; 46(1): 87 – 92.
Hanchang W, Khamchan A, Wongmanee N, Seedadee C. Hesperidin ameliorates pancreatic beta - cell dysfunction and apoptosis in streptozotocin - induced diabetic rat model. Life Sci. 2019; 235: 11685.
Wang Y, Wang LN, Xu GM, Wei DH. Hesperidin exerts the gestational diabetes mellitus via AGEs - RAGE signalling pathway. Int J Pharmacol. 2020; 15(5): 604 – 615.
Utsunomiya K, Ohta H, Kurata H, Tajima N, Isogai Y. The effect of macrophage colony - stimulating factor (M - CSF) on the progression of lipid - induced nephrotoxicity in diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 1995; 9(4): 292 - 5.
Wilcox LJ, Borradaile NM, de Dreu LE, Huff MW. Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and expression of ACAT2 and MTP. Journal of lipid research. 2001; 42(5): 725 - 34.
Ravindran S, Kuruvilla V, Wilbur K, Munusamy S. Nephroprotective effects of metformin in diabetic nephropathy. Journal of cellular physiology. 2016; 232(4): 731 - 42.
Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care. 2005; 28(4): 956 - 62.
Elafros MA, Andersen H, Bennett DL, Savelieff MG, Viswanathan V, Callaghan BC, Feldman EL. Towards prevention of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and new treatments. The Lancet Neurology. 2022; 21(10): 922 - 36.
Jung UJ, Choi MS, Lee MK, Jeong KS. The hypoglycemic effects of hesperidin and naringin are partly mediated by hepatic glucose - regulating enzymes in C57BL/KsJ - db/db mice. The Journal of nutrition. 2004; 134(10): 2499 - 503.
Said G. Diabetic neuropathy — a review. Nature clinical practice Neurology. 2007; 3(6): 331 - 40
Lim C, Zhen AX, Ok S, Fernando PD, Herath HM, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Hyun JW. Hesperidin protects SH− SY5Y neuronal cells against high glucose− induced apoptosis via regulation of MAPK signaling. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(9): 1707.
Bayir MH, Yıldızhan K, Altında ğ F. Effect of hesperidin on sciatic nerve damage in STZ - induced diabetic neuropathy: modulation of TRPM2 channel. Neurotoxicity Research. 2023; 41(6): 638 - 47.
Ashafaq M, Varshney L, Khan MH, Salman M, Naseem M, Wajid S, et al. Neuromodulatory effects of hesperidin in mitigating oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced diabetes. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 249031.
Byrne FM, Cheetham S, Vickers S, Chapman V. Characterisation of pain responses in the high fat diet/streptozotocin model of diabetes and the analgesic effects of antidiabetic treatments. Journal of diabetes research. 2014; 2015(1): 752481.
Bierhaus A, Fleming T, Stoyanov S, Leffler A, Babes A, Neacsu C, Sauer SK, Eberhardt M, Schnölzer M, Lasitschka F, Neuhuber WL. Methylglyoxal modification of Nav1. 8 facilitates nociceptive neuron firing and causes hyperalgesia in diabetic neuropathy. Nature medicine. 2012; 18(6): 926 - 33.
Hasanvand A, Amini - Khoei H, Hadian MR, Abdollahi A, Tavangar SM, Dehpour AR, Semiei E, Mehr SE. Anti - inflammatory effect of AMPK signaling pathway in rat model of diabetic neuropathy. Inflammopharmacology. 2016; 24: 207 - 19.
Barber AJ, Lieth E, Khin SA, Antonetti DA, Buchanan AG, Gardner TW. Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1998; 102(4): 783 - 91.
Cao XJ, Wu R, Qian HY, Chen X, Zhu HY, Xu GY, Sun YZ, Zhang PA. Metformin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain via AMPK/NF - κ B signaling pathway in dorsal root ganglion of diabetic rats. Brain Research. 2021; 1772: 147663.
Singh AK, Kumar A, Karmakar D, Jha RK. Association of B12 deficiency and clinical neuropathy with metformin use in type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2013; 59(4): 253 - 7.
Barber AJ, Lieth E, Khin SA, Antonetti DA, Buchanan AG, Gardner TW. Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1998; 102(4): 783 - 91.
Teo ZL, Tham YC, Yu M, Chee ML, Rim TH, Cheung N, Bikbov MM, Wang YX, Tang Y, Lu Y, Wong IY. Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta - analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021; 128(11): 1580 - 91.
Ahmed H, Elshaikh T, Abdullah M. Early diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus attending Sudan childhood diabetes centre. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2020; 2020(1): 7181383.
Vujosevic S, Aldington SJ, Silva P, Hernández C, Scanlon P, Peto T, Simó R. Screening for diabetic retinopathy: new perspectives and challenges. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2020; 8(4): 337 - 47.
Antonetti DA, Silva PS, Stitt AW. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2021; 17(4): 195 - 206.
Song KH, Jeong JS, Kim MK, Kwon HS, Baek KH, Ko SH, Ahn YB. Discordance in risk factors for the progression of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of diabetes investigation. 2019 ; 10(3): 745 - 52.
Singer M, Ashimatey BS, Zhou X, Chu Z, Wang R, Kashani AH. Impaired layer specific retinal vascular reactivity among diabetic subjects. PLoS One. 2020; 15(9): e0233871.
Shehata AS, Mohamed DA, Hagras SM, El - Beah SM, Elnegris HM. The role of hesperidin in ameliorating retinal changes in rats with experimentally induced type 1 diabetes mellitus and the active role of vascular endothelial growth factor and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Anatomy & Cell Biology. 2021; 54(4): 465 - 78.
Soufi FG, Mohammad - Nejad D, Ahmadieh H. Resveratrol improves diabetic retinopathy possibly through oxidative stress - nuclear factor κ B - apoptosis pathway. Pharmacol Rep. 2012; 64: 1505 – 14.
Qian H, Ripps H. Neurovascular interaction and the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res. 2011; 2011: 693426.
Khan MS, Rehman MT, Ismael MA, AlAjmi MF, Alruwaished GI, Alokail MS, Khan MR. Bioflavonoid (hesperidin) restrains protein oxidation and advanced glycation end product formation by targeting AGEs and glycolytic enzymes. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2021; 79(4): 833 - 44.
Roy S, Trudeau K, Roy S, Tien T, F Barrette K. Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic retinopathy: mechanistic insights into high glucose - induced retinal cell death. Current clinical pharmacology. 2013; 8(4): 278 - 84.
Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and diabetic retinopathy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2015; 1852(11): 2474 - 83.
Cheng G, Lanza - Jacoby S. Metformin decreases growth of pancreatic cancer cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species: Role of NOX4. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2015; 465(1): 41 - 6.
Dehdashtian E, Mehrzadi S, Yousefi B, Hosseinzadeh A, Reiter RJ, Safa M, Ghaznavi H, Naseripour M. Diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and the ameliorating effects of melatonin; involvement of autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress. Life sciences. 2018; 193: 20 - 33.
Yi QY, Deng G, Chen N, Bai ZS, Yuan JS, Wu GH, Wang YW, Wu SJ. Metformin inhibits development of diabetic retinopathy through inducing alternative splicing of VEGF - A. American journal of translational research. 2016; 8(9): 3947 – 3954.
Chen W, Yao X, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Gui G, Lin B. Danhong Huayu Koufuye prevents diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin ‐ induced diabetic rats via antioxidation and anti ‐ inflammation. Mediators of Inflammation. 2017; 2017(1): 3059763.
Zhang E, Guo Q, Gao H, Xu R, Teng S, Wu Y. Metformin and resveratrol inhibited high glucose - induced metabolic memory of endothelial senescence through SIRT1/p300/p53/p21 pathway. PloS one. 2015; 10(12): e0143814.
Yi, Q.Y.; Deng, G.; Chen, N.; Bai, Z.S.; Yuan, J.S.; Wu, G.H.; Wang, Y.W.; Wu, S.J. Metformin inhibits development of diabetic retinopathy through inducing alternative splicing of VEGF - A. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2016; 8: 3947 – 3954.
Chiha M, Njeim M, Chedrawy EG. Diabetes and coronary heart disease: a risk factor for the global epidemic. International journal of hypertension. 2012; 2012(1): 697240.
Carrabba N, Valenti R, Parodi G, Santoro GM, Antoniucci D. Left ventricular remodeling and heart failure in diabetic patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004; 110(14): 1974 - 79.
Danaei G, Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher - than - optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. The Lancet. 2006; 368(9548): 1651 - 59.
Singh GM, Danaei G, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Woodward M, Wormser D, Kaptoge S, Whitlock G, Qiao Q, Lewington S, Di Angelantonio E. The age - specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis. PloS one. 2013; 8(7): e65174.
Kosmas CE, Rodriguez Polanco S, Bousvarou MD, Papakonstantinou EJ, Peña Genao E, Guzman E, Kostara CE. The triglyceride/high - density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL - C) ratio as a risk marker for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Diagnostics. 2023; 13(5): 929.
Boyer JK, Thanigaraj S, Schechtman KB, Pérez JE. Prevalence of ventricular diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic, normotensive patients with diabetes mellitus. The American journal of cardiology. 2004 ; 93(7): `870 - 5.
Liu X, Yang ZG, Gao Y, Xie LJ, Jiang L, Hu BY, Diao KY, Shi K, Xu HY, Shen MT, Ren Y. Left ventricular subclinical myocardial dysfunction in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired myocardial perfusion: a contrast - enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Cardiovascular diabetology. 2018; 17: 1 - 2.
Jia G, Hill MA, Sowers JR. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: an update of mechanisms contributing to this clinical entity. Circulation research. 2018; 122(4): 624 - 38.
De Geest B, Mishra M. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(4): 784.
Rekha SS, Pradeepkiran JA, Bhaskar M. Bioflavonoid hesperidin possesses the anti - hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic property in STZ induced diabetic myocardial infarction (DMI) in male Wister rats. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism. 2019; 15: 58 - 64.
Zhang K, Yang W, Dai H, Deng Z. Cardiovascular risk following metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from meta - analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020; 160: 108001.
Agius L, Ford BE, Chachra SS. The metformin mechanism on gluconeogenesis and AMPK activation: the metabolite perspective. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020; 21(9): 3240.
Ding Y, Zhou Y, Ling P, Feng X, Luo S, Zheng X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function. Theranostics. 2021; 11(19): 9376.
Weng S, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Su X, Peng D. Effects of metformin on blood lipid profiles in nondiabetic adults: a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocrine. 2020; 67: 305 - 17.
Kottaisamy CP, Raj DS, Prasanth Kumar V, Sankaran U. Experimental animal models for diabetes and its related complications — a review. Laboratory animal research. 2021; 37(1): 1 - 14.
Riehle C, Bauersachs J. Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Basic research in cardiology. 2019; 114(1): 1 - 22.
Chuang TY, Au LC, Wang LC, Ho LT, Yang DM, Juan CC. Potential effect of resistin on the ET ‐ 1 ‐ increased reactions of blood pressure in rats and Ca2+ signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2012; 227(4): 1610 - 18.
Hussein SA, Abdelmaksoud HF, Ismael TF. Hesperidin and Rosemary extract alleviates apoptosis and alterations of DNA methyltransferase and targeting microRNA in a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal. 2022; 42(2): 31 - 6.
Toldo S, Marchetti C, Mauro AG, Chojnacki J, Mezzaroma E, Carbone S, Zhang S, Van Tassell B, Salloum FN, Abbate A. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome limits the inflammatory injury following myocardial ischemia – reperfusion in the mouse. International Journal of Cardiology. 2016; 209: 215 - 20.
Ma ZW, Jiang DY, Hu BC, Yuan XX, Cai SJ, Guo J. Mechanism of hesperidin improving myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic rats through SIRT1/Nrf2/HO - 1 signaling pathway. Journal of Hainan Medical University. 2022; 28(8): 5 - 10.
Palee S, Higgins L, Leech T, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Acute metformin treatment provides cardioprotection via improved mitochondrial function in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2020; 130: 110604.
Tomic D, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ. The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022; 18(9): 525 - 39.
Pignalosa FC, Desiderio A, Mirra P, Nigro C, Perruolo G, Ulianich L, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Miele C, Napoli R, Fiory F. Diabetes and cognitive impairment: a role for glucotoxicity and dopaminergic dysfunction. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021; 22(22): 12366.
Li X, Zhao T, Gu J, Wang Z, Lin J, Wang R, Duan T, Li Z, Dong R, Wang W, Hong KF. Intake of flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus ameliorated brain impairment in diabetic mice via modulating brain - gut axis. Chinese medicine. 2022; 17(1): 22.
Pradhan SP, Sahoo S, Behera A, Sahoo R, Sahu PK. Memory amelioration by hesperidin conjugated gold nanoparticles in diabetes induced cognitive impaired rats. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2022; 69: 103145.
Behera A, Pradhan SP, Tejaswani P, Sa N, Pattnaik S, Sahu PK. Ameliorative and Neuroprotective Effect of Core - Shell Type Se@ Au Conjugated Hesperidin Nanoparticles in Diabetes - Induced Cognitive Impairment. Molecular Neurobiology. 2023; 60(12): 7329 - 45.
Ahmed AS, Mona MM, Elsisy RA, Hantash EM. Hesperidin preserves cognitive functions and Hippocampus histological architecture in albino wistar rats subjected to stress through enhancement of brain - derived neurotrophic factor. Neurotoxicity Research. 2022; 40(1): 179 - 85.
Hu Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Tang H, Si Y, Chen Z, Shi Y, Fang H. Metformin protects against diabetes - induced cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting mitochondrial fission protein DRP1. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022; 13: 832707.
Roy T, Lloyd CE. Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review. Journal of affective disorders. 2012; 142: 8 - 21.
Souza LC, de Gomes MG, Goes AT, Del Fabbro L, Carlos Filho B, Boeira SP, Jesse CR. Evidence for the involvement of the serotonergic 5 - HT1A receptors in the antidepressant - like effect caused by hesperidin in mice. Progress in Neuro - Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2013; 40: 103 - 9.
Bélanger M, Yang J, Petit JM, Laroche T, Magistretti PJ, Allaman I. Role of the glyoxalase system in astrocyte - mediated neuroprotection. Journal of Neuroscience. 2011; 31(50): 18338 - 52.
Hamal C, Velugoti LS, Tabowei G, Gaddipati GN, Mukhtar M, Alzubaidee MJ, Dwarampudi RS, Mathew S, Bichenapally S, Khachatryan V, Muazzam A. Metformin for the improvement of comorbid depression symptoms in diabetic patients: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022; 14(8): 1 - 14
Woo YS, Lim HK, Wang SM, Bahk WM. Clinical Evidence of antidepressant effects of insulin and anti - hyperglycemic agents and implications for the pathophysiology of depression — a literature review. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020; 21(18): 6969.
Fang W, Zhang J, Hong L, Huang W, Dai X, Ye Q, Chen X. Metformin ameliorates stress - induced depression - like behaviors via enhancing the expression of BDNF by activating AMPK/CREB - mediated histone acetylation. Journal of affective disorders. 2020; 260: 302 - 13.
Yang T, Nie Z, Shu H, Kuang Y, Chen X, Cheng J, Yu S, Liu H. The role of BDNF on neural plasticity in depression. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2020; 14: 82.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Rohit Chettri, Sushil Gurung, Sairashmi Samanta, Royan Chhettri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Based on a work at