Influence of lifestyle factors on menstrual disorders

Abstract

Menstrual disorders, including dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS), significantly impact the quality of life of many women. These disorders can be influenced by various lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, stress, body weight, and substance use. This review examines the existing literature on the impact of these lifestyle factors on menstrual health. Nutrient deficiencies and imbalanced diets, especially those low in magnesium, vitamin B6, and vitamin D, are associated with increased severity of PMS and dysmenorrhea. Conversely, diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are linked to more regular menstrual cycles. Regular physical activity is beneficial, often reducing menstrual pain and promoting cycle regularity. However, excessive exercise, particularly in athletes, can lead to energy deficits and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Stress is another crucial factor, with chronic stress elevating cortisol levels and disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, leading to irregular cycles and exacerbated PMS symptoms. Body weight also plays a significant role; both obesity and being underweight can disrupt hormonal balance, with obesity leading to excess estrogen and heavy bleeding, and low body weight resulting in reduced estrogen production and amenorrhea. Substance use, including high intake of alcohol and caffeine, is linked to an increased risk of PMS and irregular cycles, while smoking exacerbates dysmenorrhea and accelerates menopause. Addressing these lifestyle factors through balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, effective stress management, and maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for improving menstrual health and overall well-being. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between lifestyle factors and menstrual health