Antifungal agents and their action against dermatophytes: curious to know the facts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56511/JIPBS.2016.v3.i04.pp73-77Abstract
Despite the improvement of antifungal therapies over the last 30 years, the development of antifungal resistance continues to be the major concern in clinical applications. Within 10 years the molecular mechanisms underlying this development were extensively unraveled. In this paper, a short summary of presently accessible antifungal, and their action against dermatophytes are elaborated. It seems that major mechanisms of resistance are essentially attributable to the release of antifungal resistance effectors genes. This release could be the consequence of point mutations occurring in transcriptional regulators of these effectors genes. Resistance may also follow the emergence of point mutations directly within the genes coding antifungal targets. Additionally, we tend to describe new possible ways, presently undertaken to discover various medical therapy targets and antifungal. Identification of new antifungal is achieved by a screening of natural or synthetic chemical compound collections. Discovery of new reputed antifungal targets performed through genome-wide approaches for much better understanding of the human pathogenic fungi biology. In this review, we will discuss different antifungal agents and their mechanism of action.
Keywords:
Antifungal, Chemotherapy, Mechanism of action, DermatophytesDownloads
References
Thomas, J, Jacobson, G. A, Narkowicz, C. K. Peterson, G.M. Burnet, H. and Sharpe, C: Toenail onychomycosis: an important global disease burden. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2010; 35: 497 – 519.
Tkacz, J. S: Glucan biosynthesis in fungi and its inhibition. In J. Sutcliffe and N. H. Georgopapadakou (ed.), emerging targets in antibacterial and antifungal chemotherapy 1996; 495 – 523.
Grun, C. H: Structure and Biosynthesis of Fungal α -Glucans. Ph.D dissertation, Univ. Utrcht; 2003.
Capek, A., & A. Simek: Antimicrobial agents. XII. Relationship between biochemical resistance and microbial degradation of antimycotics. Folia Microbial 1971; 16:472 – 475.
Hector, R. F: Compounds active against cell walls of medically important fungi. Clin. Microbial. Rev 1993; 6:1 – 21.
Nozawa, Y., and T. Morita: Molecular mechanisms of antifungal agents associated with membrane ergosterol. Dysfunction of membrane ergosterol and inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, In K. Iwata and H. Vanden Bossche (ed.), In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antifungal agents. Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1986; 111.
Mizoguchi, J., Saito, T, Mizuno, K and Hayano. K: On the mode of action of a new antifungal antibiotic, aculeacin A: inhibition of cell wall synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Antibiot 1977; 30:308 – 313.
Tiffany, M.J. & Melanie, T.C: Sterol biosynthesis and sterol uptake in the fungal pathogen Pneumocystis carinii. FEMS Microbial Lett 2010; 311: 1-9.
Myers, R. S. Immunizing and Antimicrobial Agents, Chapter VI: Antifungal agents. University of Washington, MEDCH-401, 2006.
Frank, C.O, Alistar, J.P, Brown, N & Gow. A.R: Antifungal agents: mechanisms of action. Trends in Microbiology 2003; 11 (6):272-279
Wang, L. Zhou, H.B, Frisvad, J.C. & Samson, R.A: Penicillium persicinum, a new griseofulvin, chrysogine and roquefortime C producing species from Qinghai Province, China. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2004; 86 (2):173-9.
Vanden B.H. and Willemsens. G: Effect of the antimycotics, miconazole and ketoconazole on cytochrome P450 in yeast microsomes and rat liver microsomes. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochem 1982; 90:B218 – B219.
Vandeputte, P, Ferrari, S and Coste, A.T: Antifungal Resistance and New Strategies to control fungal infections. International Journal of Microbiology 2012; 26:doi:10.1155/2012/713687
Heeres, J, Backx, L. J. J Mostmans, J. H. and Van Cutsem, J: Antimycotic imidazoles. Part 4. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broadspectrum antifungal agent. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1979; 22:1003 – 1005.
Van Der Meer, J. W. Keuning, J. J. and Scheijgrond, H. W: The influence of gastric acidity on the bio-availability of ketoconazole. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1980; 6(4):552 – 554.
Brass, C. Galgiani, J. N. and Blaschke, T. F: Disposition of ketoconazole, an oral antifungal, in humans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1982; 21:151 – 158.
Perfect, J. R. Durack, D. T. Hamilton, J. D and Gallis, H. A: Failure of ketoconazole in cryptococcal meningitis. Journal of the American Medical Association 1982; 247(24):3349 – 3351.
Lewis, J. H. Zimmerman, H. J. Benson, G. D. & Ishak, and K. G: Hepatic injury associated with ketoconazole therapy. Analysis of 33 cases. Gastroenterology1984; 86(3):503 – 513.
Arndt, C. A. Walsh, T. J. McCully, C. L. Balis, F. M. Pizzo, P. A. and Poplack, D. G: “Fluconazole penetration into cerebrospinal fluid: implications for treating fungal infections of the central nervous system. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988; 157(1):178 – 180.
Brammer, K. W. Farrow, P. R. & Faulkner, J. K: Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of fluconazole in humans. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1990; 12(3):S318 – S326.
Terrell, C. L: Antifimgal agents. Part II. The azoles. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1999; 74(1):78 – 100.
Espinel-Ingroff, A. Shadomy, S and Gebhart, R. J: In vitro studies with R 51,211 (itraconazole). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1984; 26(1):5 – 9.
Barone, J. A. Moskovitz, B. L. Guarnieri, and J: Enhanced bioavailability of itraconazole in hydroxypropyl- β - cyclodextrin solution versus capsules in healthy volunteers. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1998; 42(7):1862 – 1865.
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=55283,https://Puchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/55283 (accessed July 4, 2016).
Cohen, M. L:. Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a postantimicrobial era. Science 1992; 257:1050 – 1055.
Levy, S. B: Starting life resistance-free. N. Engl. J. Med 1990; 323:335 – 337.
Shlaes, D. M., D. N. Gerding, J. F. John, Jr., W. A. Craig, D. L. Bornstein, and R. A. Duncan: Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of American Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Clin. Infect. Dis 1997; 25:584 – 599.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2016 Suganthi. M
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Based on a work at