Understanding multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: The role of efflux pumps and key protein structures

Abstract

A rising health concern is the occurrence of illnesses brought on by multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare facilities or in public spaces. The growth of microbial biofilms and efflux pumps are the main causes of S. aureus's antibiotic resistance. Multidrug EPs cells utilizing proteins to detoxify from toxic substances, appear to be essential in the development of this drug-resistant bacteria. Through the extrusion of numerous unrelated chemicals, experimental data have demonstrated their role in reduced antibacterial resistance in bacteria as well as the possible significance in the emergence of resistant phenotypes. Efflux systems plays an important role in MDR resistance in addition to helping to transport molecules that are important for cell signaling, and because they are common, there is a real danger that we could soon return to a time before antibiotics. According to recent research, cells may use the efflux systems as the initial step of defence to prevent drugs from reaching deadly concentrations while waiting for a stable, more effective modification to occur. The primary facilitator superfamily-belonging S. aureus efflux pump NorA imparts resistance to various substrates. Even though many EPI i.e inhibitors of the efflux pump have been found, from them, no one has received clinical approval because of unfavourable toxicity. In this review article, we will discuss the current understanding of the MDR efflux pump and its clinical importance, concentrating on current discoveries on the efflux system of S. aureus, and the regulation of efflux pump based on protein/gene expression, and emphasize significant genes and proteins along with their PDB IDs.