Effect of Putrescine and Growing Media on Vegetative Growth and Chemical Constituents of Populus Euramericana Plants

E.El. Habba¹, N. G. Abdel Aziz¹, A.M.Z. Sarhan², A. M. S. Arafa², N. M. Youssef¹

1. Introduction

Populus (poplar, aspen and cotton wood) are a group of 30 – 40 species of dioecious, large or small trees with soft white wood belonging to the family salicaceae, much planted for pulpwood, windbreaks, avenues and as ornamentals. Poplars are of easy cultivation in almost any soil.

Atahe roots are likely to stop drains or cause having of sidewalks. So poplar shoud be planted with caution.

Propagated by hardwood cuttings, suckers or sometimes by seeds and the weeping © sorts by grafting on upright forms [1].

Populus the common name from the early Roman expression arbor Popular, meaning "the people's tree" because poplars were frequently planted in public places and meetings were held beneath them [2].

The differences among the growing media are due to the variation in its physical and chemical characteristics. Tree seedlings are usually planted in fertile growing media such as clay and sometimes in unfertile on such as sand; sandy soil can be improved by mixing it with clay, particularly in the new reclaimed lands [3]. [4]on Jatropha curca L showed that clay and mixture media significantly increased plant height, root length, leaves number/ plant, stem diameter, leaf area and fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoot in the two seasons compared with the sandy soil which gave the lowest values and increase chlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoids as comparing with the sandy and mixing media in fresh leaves. Polyamine (PAs) namely putrescine (Put), spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) in different plant developmental process [5]. They modulate several growths and developmental processes viz., cell division, differentiation, flowering fruit ripening, embryogenesis, senescence and rhizogenesis [6]. In all these, PAs have been ascribed various roles such as that of a new class of plant growth regulators, hormonal second messengers and as one of the reserves of carbon and nitrogen at least in cultured tissues [7]. [8] found that foliar application of putrescine at 200 ppm significantly increased plant height, number of leaves/plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves/plant and highest values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and soluble sugars content compared with untreated plants on gladiolus plant. [9] on chrysanthemum found that foliar application of putrescine significantly increased plant height, No. of branches/plant, No. of leaves/plant, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant. The best results were found when plants treated with 200 ppm putrescine.

2. Materials and Methods

This study was carried out at the Experimental Ared of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt during the two successive seasons 20 and 20 to study the effected of growing media and putrescine on growth of Populus euramericana L. stem cuttings.

The stem cuttings of Populous euramericana were taken from mother trees grown in the Experimental station of Hort. Res. Lnst. The stem cuttings obtained from branches one year old, each two stem cuttings were cultivated in plastic pots 30 cm diameter. The cuttings were planted at March 2007 and 2008. Populus euramericana stem cuttings were treated with polyamine (diamines putrescine) at the rate of 50, 100 and 200 ppm in addition the control (distilled water). The cuttings were treated directly inserted in polyethylene bags, filled with clay, sand and the mixture of them 1:1 (v / v).

The layout of the experiment was a complete randomized design, the experiment included 12 treatments each treatment included 6 replicates; each replicate consisted of two stem cuttings. The following data were recorded on September during two seasons. At the end of the experiment; plant height (cm), 2 number of leaves, leaf area (cm ), diameter of stem (cm), length of root (cm), diameter of root (cm), fresh and dry weight (g): leaves, stem and roots for each plant.

Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids concentration (mg/g.F.W.) were determined in leaf according to [10]. Total carbohydrates (% D.W.) content in leaves, stem and roots was determined according to [11]. Nitrogen content were determined according to [12]. Phosphorus content was estimated according to [13] and potassium content was measured according to [14]. Data recorded on vegetative growth in two seasons were statistically an analyzed as described by [15]. Means of all

Effect of growing media [sandy: clay (1:1v/v), sandy and clay] and polyamine (putrescine) on plant height (cm), number of leaves and total leaf area (cm during 2006and

characters were compared by L. S. D. Test at 0.05 level of significance.

3. Results and Discussion

Vegetative growth:

Data presented in table 1 showed that mixture sand soil with clay significantly increased plant height, number of leaves and leaf area when compared with clay or sand soil, the clay soil gave moderate values of these characters, whereas, sandy soil produced lowest values, in both seasons, respectively. These results are in agreement with those obtained by [16] on Nerium oleander, Adhatoda vasica and Lantana camara [17] on Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Thevetia peruviana and [4] on Jatropha curca L. showed that mixture media significantly increased plant height, leaves number / plant, leaf area compared with the sandy soil which gave the lowest values.

Spraying Populous euramericana plant with putrescine at 50, 100 and 200 ppm significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves and leaf area, compared Table 1.

euramericana

Conc.(B)

S/C S C

st

1 season

with untreated plants. The highest values of previous properties were obtained from application of putrescine at 50 ppm followed by 100 ppm and 200 ppm in the two seasons, respectively.

Concerning the interaction between growing mixture media (sand soil with clay) and putrescine at 50 ppm treatment significantly increased plant height, number of leaves in the both seasons and leaf area in the first season, while the same soil with using putrescine at 100 ppm in the second season gave the highest values of leaf area, respectively. Whereas, sandy soil without using putrescine produced the lowest values of these characters. With regard to the effect of putrescine, these results are in agreement with those obtained by many investigators; i. e. [18] on Matthiola incana plant, [19] on Catharanthus roseus plants, [20] on Bougainvilla glabra and [9] on Chrysanthemum plants, they found that foliar application of putrescine significantly increased plant height, number of leaves / plant and leaf area.

²) of Populus

2007 seasons

nd

2 season

Plant height (cm) Number of leaves LSD 0.05 for: Plant height st nd 1 2 The data in Table 2 pointed out that, plants grown in mixing media significantly increased the stem diameter, length of root and diameter of root in the first and second seasons, respectively, compared with those grown in the clay and sandy soil. Whereas, the application of putrescine at the concentration of 50, 100 and 200 ppm on populus euramericana plants significantly increased of stem diameter, length of root and diameter of root, compared with untreated plants.

Plants, which treated with putrescine at 50 ppm, produced the thickest stems and longest roots, in the first and second seasons, respectively. Whereas, the best results of root diameter were obtained when plants treated with 100 ppm in two seasons, Grown in mixing media combination with putrescine at 50 ppm produced the thickest stem and longest roots, in both seasons, while plants grown in the same media and sprayed with putrescine at 100 significantly increased the root diameter in the both seasons compared with those plants grown in sandy soil without treating with putrescine. Similar results are obtained by [17] on Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Thevetia peruviana, [4] on Jatropha curca leaf area (cm²) Number of leaf area leaves 1 2 1 2 L. showed that mixture media significantly increased stem diameter and root length compared with the sandy soil which gave the lowest values.

These results may be to polyamine having been implicated in awid range of biological process including growth development and abioltic stress responses and cell division, differentiation [21].

As shown in Table 3 plants grown in mixing media gave the heaviest / fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots, in the first and second seasons, respectively. The clay soil significantly increased the fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots, compared with sandy soil which gave the lowest fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots in both seasons.

Using concentration of 50, 100 and 200 ppm putrescine significantly increased fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots, in two seasons, respectively, compared with the control. Interaction between the mixture sand and soil with putrescine at 50 ppm significantly increased fresh weight of leaves, stems and roots, followed by mixture media with putrescine at 100 and 200 ppm, in both seasons, respectively, compared with sandy soil without putrescine treatment,

which produced the lightest weight of leaves, stems and roots. These results are in accordance with those found by [22] on Chorisia speciosa and Leucaena leucocephala seedlings, and [23] on LSD for: diameter of stem 0.05 st nd 1 2 Dalbergia melanoxylon plant. With regard to the effect of putrescine treatment, these results are in agreement with those obtained by [20] on Bougainvillea plants and [8] on Gladiolus plants.

length of root diameter of root 1 2 1 2

putrescine at 100 ppm produced the heaviest dry weight of roots, compared with the control which produced the lightest of leaves, stems and roots in two seasons. The mixing soil with 50 ppm

Plant pigments:

Data presented in Table 5 show that, mixture media produced the highest chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids

concentration, followed by clay medium.

Whereas sandy medium gave the lowest value of these pigments, in both seasons.

Spray with putrescine at 50, 100 and 200 ppm treatments, increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in the leaves, compared with control in both seasons. The highest chlorophyll a and b concentration was obtained from plant grown in mixture soil with putrescine at 50 ppm, followed by plant grown in the same media with putrescine at 100 ppm, in two seasons, compared with other treatments.

While plants grown in mixing soil and treated with putrescine at 100 ppm produced the highest carotenoids in the first season, whereas in the second season, plant grown in the same media produced the highest carotenoids, compared with other treatments. These results are in harmonywith those obtained by [24] on Schefflera actinophylla, [25] on Rosa bourboniana and Rosa damascene and [8] on Gladiolus plants.

the lowest N values, whereas the clay soil gave moderate N values in these organs, in both seasons. The N % in the leaves, stems and roots were increased when the plants treated with putrescine at different concentration, as compared with untreated plants, in both seasons.

highest N value. These results are in harmony with those obtained by [16] on Adhatoda vasica, Nerwm oleander and Lantana camara, [28] on myrtte olants and [29] noticed that PAs have possibly increased activities on metabolic Regarding the plants grown in mixing soil produced the highest N value in leaves and stems, followed by plants grown in the same soil and treated with putrescine at 100 and 200 ppm, in both seasons, compared with all other treatments.

Phosphorus % :

Data presented in Table (8) show that, mixture sand and clay soil produced the highest P values in leaves, stems and roots, compared with sandy soil which

Roots % highest values of P content in leaves. Concerning the effect of putrescine, these results are in accordance with those obtained by [8]) on Gladiolus plants and [9] on Chrysanthemum plant.

Potassium % :

Data presented in Table 9 show that, mixture of sand and clay medium produced the highest K values in leaves, stems and roots, in both seasons. Clay medium gave moderate K value, compared with the sandy soil which produced the lowest K% values in previous organs. Spraying plants with putrescine at different concentration increased the K content in the leaves, stems and roots, giving the highest values of K % from plants treated with 50 ppm putrescine, in both seasons, compared with control. Plant grown in mixing soil and sprayed with putrescine at 50 and 100 ppm produced the highest K values in leaves, stems and roots, followed by those plants grown in clay soil and sprayed with putrescine at 50 ppm, compared with unsprayed plants grown in sandy soil which gave the lowest K values, in the first and second seasons. These results are in agreement with those obtained by [25] on Brasaia actinophylla, [28] on myrtte plants and [8] on Gladiouls.

References

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