Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences

Quantitative analysis and antimicrobial efficacy of the ethanol extract obtained from Durio graveolens leaves

Dalia E. Gaber — 2025-03-30

Objectives: This study aims to explore the natural antimicrobial properties of ethanol extracts from Durio graveolens leaves (DGL). Methods: DGL underwent preliminary phytochemical screening, along with a quantitative assessment of phenols and flavonoids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. The microorganisms tested included ATCC strains of Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Results: DGL demonstrated the highest MIC of 0.1 mg/ml and an MBC of 0.25 mg/ml against the Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. coli. At an MIC of 0.1 mg/ml, DGL produced significant zones of inhibition against P. aeruginosa and E. coli when compared to gentamicin. Conclusion: This research indicates that DGL possesses natural antibacterial properties against Gram-negative human pathogens.

In-vitro Anthelmintic activity of Cassia fistula extracts on Pheretima posthuma model

Santilna KS — 2025-03-30

Cassia fistula, commonly known as Golden shower tree, was widely known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, hepato-protective activities. Traditionally the plant has been widely used for various infections. The present study involves the phytochemical screening and evaluation of the leaves and flowers of Cassia fistula on Pheretima posthuma model. The model has been selected as it has a close resemblance with human intestinal round worm, anatomically and physiologically. The plants and earthworm were collected and authenticated. The leaves and flowers of Cassia fistula were dried, powdered and subjected for maceration using aqueous solvent. Different concentration of crude extracts, leaves extracts, flower extracts were evaluated for preliminary phytochemical test and anthelmintic activity. All the extracts showed significant anthelmintic activity. Among the extracts, crude leaves extract (40mg/ml) showed better activity than other extracts. The results suggests that Cassia fistula may be beneficial in the treatment of parasitic infections.

Network pharmacology and artificial intelligence in traditional Chinese medicine for Alzheimer’s disease: A comprehensive review

Sinchana Bhat — 2025-03-30

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. With current pharmacological treatments providing symptomatic relief, the need for other therapeutic approaches becomes evident. Traditional Chinese Medicine, with its multi-component and multi-target approach, offers promising potential for the management of AD, but the complex formulations have proved challenging to discern precise mechanisms of therapy. Network pharmacology, a systems biology approach, has emerged as a powerful tool in understanding the mechanisms of action of TCM by mapping bioactive compounds to AD-related pathways. This method enables the identification of synergistic interactions and key molecular targets, facilitating drug discovery and optimization. Furthermore, AI, particularly machine learning and deep learning algorithms, has revolutionized TCM research by analyzing large datasets, predicting compound-target interactions, and enabling personalized treatment approaches. AI-driven virtual screening and computational modeling have rapidly accelerated the identification of potential neuroprotective compounds, such as curcumin, ginsenosides, and huperzine A, which modulate multiple AD-associated pathways. The integration of network pharmacology and AI offers a systematic framework for validating TCM formulations and optimizing their therapeutic potential. This review highlights recent advancements in AI-assisted TCM research, discusses key bioactive compounds, and explores their mechanisms in AD treatment. While standardization and regulatory approval continue to be challenging, the synthesis of ancient knowledge with contemporary computing technologies holds enormous promise for effective, multi-target interventions for AD, thereby ushering in a new wave of innovative therapeutic approaches.

Potential of biological macromolecules as innovative approach for diabetes management: A review

Dr. Sushanta Kumar Das — 2025-06-30

Diabetes mellitus, a complex and widespread metabolic disorder, presents a significant challenge to global health. While insulin therapy remains a cornerstone of treatment, its limitations, including therapeutic resistance and the development of associated complications, necessitate the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review delves into the promising realm of biological macromolecules, highlighting their potential to revolutionize diabetes management. We examine the diverse therapeutic applications of enzymes, growth factors, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and stem cells, elucidating their multifaceted roles in addressing the complex pathophysiology of diabetes. These macromolecules exert their therapeutic effects through intricate mechanisms, including precise modulation of glucose homeostasis, robust protection of insulin-producing beta cells, and effective attenuation of oxidative stress, a key driver of diabetic complications. A deep understanding of the metabolic pathways influenced by these molecules is crucial for optimizing their therapeutic efficacy and minimizing potential side effects. Recent advancements in protein engineering, targeted drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine have paved the way for the development of highly specific, potent, and long-lasting biological macromolecular therapeutics. This review underscores the immense potential of biological macromolecules to transform diabetes care, emphasizing the critical need for continued research and clinical trials to translate these promising findings into clinically effective, patient-centered treatments.